Muqaddimah/ibn Khaldun - The

Written in 1377, (meaning "The Introduction" or "Prolegomena") is the seminal work of the Tunisian Arab polymath Ibn Khaldun . Originally intended as the preface to his massive universal history, Kitab al-ʿIbar , it became a standalone masterpiece that established the foundations for modern sociology, historiography, and economics . Core Philosophical Concept: Asabiyyah

: Over three to four generations, the ruling group becomes accustomed to urban luxuries, losing their original cohesion and "manliness". This leads to corruption and high taxation, eventually making them vulnerable to a new group emerging from the periphery with fresher, stronger asabiyyah . Scientific Method in Historiography The Muqaddimah/Ibn Khaldun

The work is celebrated for anticipating several modern economic concepts: This leads to corruption and high taxation, eventually

: He introduced a "new science" ( ilm al-umran ) to study the laws governing human society. Written in 1377