Evaluation of topographic and hydrological conditions to determine the gross head ( ) and discharge (

Using sensors and automated systems to manage water levels and grid frequency.

Modern planning includes detailed risk analyses, investment appraisals, and evaluations of electricity market integration.

Installation of gates, trash racks, and cleaning machines.

Integration of turbines (e.g., Kaplan, Pelton, Francis) and generators. For small-scale plants, specialized hydraulic machines for low heads and small discharges are often used. 3. Operation (Betrieb)