Uchebnik Po Geografii Lobzhanidze Tema:vnutrenie Sily Zemli -

A typical volcano consists of a magma chamber , a vent (the "pipe"), and a crater at the top.

These are often found in volcanic regions where internal heat warms underground water, causing it to burst out as steam or hot water. Key Summary Table Primary Result Speed of Change Plate Tectonics Mountain building, Ocean floor spreading Very Slow (centimeters per year) Earthquakes Faults, destruction of relief Instantaneous (seconds) Volcanism Formation of volcanic cones, plateaus Fast (hours to days)

Scientists use an instrument called a seismograph to record waves. The intensity is often measured on the Richter scale (magnitude) or the Mercalli scale (damage level). 3. Volcanism uchebnik po geografii lobzhanidze tema:vnutrenie sily zemli

The Earth's crust is not a solid shell; it is broken into massive pieces called . These plates float on the plastic layer of the upper mantle (the asthenosphere).

The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus. This is where the shaking is usually strongest. A typical volcano consists of a magma chamber

They can be active (erupting regularly), dormant (quiet but could erupt), or extinct (unlikely to erupt again).

Volcanism involves the movement of molten rock () from the interior to the surface. The intensity is often measured on the Richter

The exact point inside the Earth where the rock breaks or moves.