Spectroscopic Ellipsometry -

A polarizer that sets the initial state of the light. The Sample: The thin film or bulk material being studied.

Capable of observing the adsorption of protein monolayers onto surfaces in real-time.

(Psi): The ratio of the amplitude change between two light components (parallel and perpendicular to the plane of incidence). Δcap delta (Delta): The phase difference between these two components. Spectroscopic Ellipsometry

Usually a broadband "white light" source covering ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths.

Because it measures a rather than absolute intensity, SE is highly resistant to light source fluctuations and does not typically require a reference sample, making it exceptionally accurate. How It Works: The Experimental Setup A polarizer that sets the initial state of the light

Vital for optimizing the optical coatings and active layers in photovoltaic cells. Summary of Benefits Non-Destructive: Samples remain intact after measurement.

A second rotating polarizer (and sometimes a compensator) that detects the change in the light's state. (Psi): The ratio of the amplitude change between

Used to characterize 2D materials like graphene, where layers are only a few atoms thick.