As the industrial demand for REEs grows, especially for carbon-neutral technologies, the focus has shifted toward finding alternative and sustainable sources.
Rare earth metals (e.g., yttrium, scandium), platinum group metals, gold, vanadium, cesium, and tungsten. Rare Metal Technology 2019
Research also highlighted hydrometallurgical schemes for pure copper extraction from waste materials. Strategic & Sustainable Importance As the industrial demand for REEs grows, especially
While China remains the dominant producer, accounting for roughly 97% of the global supply, international efforts aim to diversify supply chains to reduce geopolitical vulnerabilities. Critical Applications in Modern Tech especially for carbon-neutral technologies
Researchers are exploring marine sediments, coal ash, and industrial waste (like red mud) as promising REE sources.