(2008) | Paris

Although Paris ultimately lost the 2008 Olympic Games to Beijing, the bidding process significantly shaped the city's infrastructure. This paper explores the "Olympic effect" and how failed bids often serve as catalysts for long-term urban regeneration.

Urban development, sustainable bidding strategies, and the transition from the 2008 and 2012 failures to the successful Paris 2024 campaign. Option 3: Environmental & Political Science Paris (2008)

The critique of GDP as a measure of progress, the "sustainability or collapse" narrative, and the conference’s role in launching a global environmental movement. Degrowth Declaration of the Paris 2008 conference Although Paris ultimately lost the 2008 Olympic Games

In April 2008, Paris hosted the first international conference on Economic Degrowth for Ecological Sustainability and Social Equity. Option 3: Environmental & Political Science The critique

Mortality, the "flâneur" in modern cinema, and the representation of the Rungis Market as a metaphor for the city’s lifeblood. Option 2: Urban Planning & Economics