Learning Strategies In Second - Language Acquisition

: Direct manipulation of the learning material through techniques like summarizing, inferencing, and imagery.

: High-level processes used for planning, monitoring, and evaluating the learning process. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition

The Architecture of Mastery: Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition : Direct manipulation of the learning material through

Cognitive strategies are the "workhorses" of language learning. They involve the mental structuring of information through repetition, taking systematic notes, and reasoning deductively. However, when linguistic knowledge is incomplete, —such as switching to a mother tongue or using synonyms—allow learners to maintain communication and continue the acquisition process despite gaps. 3. Metacognition: The "Manager" of Acquisition They involve the mental structuring of information through

: Strategies involving interaction with others or the regulation of one's emotions and motivation.

: This model categorizes strategies into three hierarchical tiers:

: Rebecca Oxford, in her seminal work Language Learning Strategies , divided strategies into Direct (Memory, Cognitive, and Compensation) and Indirect (Metacognitive, Affective, and Social). This model is widely used via the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) . 2. The Cognitive Engine: Processing and Compensation