: Formation and dynamics of planets, moons, asteroids, and the Sun.
: Spherical astronomy, celestial mechanics (gravity and motion), and astronomical instruments like telescopes and spectrographs.
: The study of the universe's origin (the Big Bang), expansion, dark matter, and dark energy. Recommended Resources Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics
: The internal structure of stars, nuclear fusion reactions, and the life cycles of stars—from formation to remnants like white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes.
A standard introductory course typically begins with fundamental physics and Earth-based observations before moving to the broader cosmos: : Formation and dynamics of planets, moons, asteroids,
: Morphology and dynamics of the Milky Way, other galaxies, and active galactic nuclei (quasars).
Introductory astronomy and astrophysics cover the observation and physical analysis of celestial bodies and the universe as a whole. While focuses on observing and cataloging celestial objects, astrophysics applies the laws of physics and chemistry to explain how these objects function, evolve, and interact. Core Concepts & Curriculum Recommended Resources : The internal structure of stars,
: Understanding the electromagnetic spectrum, photometry, and how light reveals the temperature, mass, and composition of stars.