: Deterministic finality means that after approximately 19 minutes (under normal conditions), a transaction is immutable. This is a significant improvement over the probabilistic finality of Proof-of-Work systems. 2. Casper CBC (Correct-by-Construction)
: It introduces "slashing" conditions, where validators lose their staked ETH if they attempt to finalize conflicting blocks.
: Interprets and executes data via the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) .
: It uses a two-phase commit process (justification and finality) across 32-block segments called epochs.