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A drop in arterial oxygen saturation when moving from a supine to an upright position.

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Increased shortness of breath when sitting or standing compared to lying flat. A drop in arterial oxygen saturation when moving

Shortness of breath, particularly during physical exertion. intrapulmonary vascular dilatations (IPVDs)

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious pulmonary vascular complication that develops in patients with chronic liver disease or portal hypertension. It is defined by a classic triad: liver dysfunction, intrapulmonary vascular dilatations (IPVDs), and impaired arterial oxygenation.

While many patients are initially asymptomatic, those who develop symptoms often experience: