These regimes are defined by a "procedural minimum" of democracy that is systematically violated:
is a hybrid regime type where formal democratic institutions (like elections and parliaments) exist and are the primary means of gaining power, but are subverted by incumbents to create an uneven playing field. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes Af...
: Incumbents use state resources, control over the media, and a biased judiciary to disadvantage opponents. These regimes are defined by a "procedural minimum"
The concept was pioneered by political scientists and Lucan Way in their 2010 book, Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War . Core Characteristics control over the media
: Unlike "hegemonic" regimes (e.g., North Korea), opposition parties are legal, active, and can realistically challenge the incumbent for power.
