The 2024 study document suggests rethinking the Petrine primacy by reviewing Vatican I in light of Vatican II, promoting a model that includes synodality (walking together) and collegiality among bishops.

The role is now often discussed in the context of reducing the "dogmatic expression" that hampers unity with Orthodox and Protestant traditions. 2026 Context (Pope Leo XIV) Pope Francis: Bishop of Rome Walking With His People

The 2024 Vatican study document, The Bishop of Rome, servant of unity , highlights that the Petrine ministry should be exercised in a way that is recognized by other Churches.

Pope Leo the Great (5th Century) significantly strengthened the theoretical rationale for the absolute power of the Bishop of Rome, arguing that Peter remains active in his successors.